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Information, analysis and actionable ideas to help you see the other side of the Wall Street hype machine.
Information, analysis and actionable ideas to help you see the other side of the Wall Street hype machine.
After conducting a forensic review of IperionX Ltd. (Nasdaq / ASX: IPX or “the Company”) and its ambitions of becoming a vertically integrated producer (mining to production) of titanium powders and products, we believe that investor expectations are too high, and it faces significant challenges in commercial efforts that may not be fully reflected in its valuation. We also express concerns with the accuracy of its financial reporting. We applaud IPX’s desire to reshore the U.S. titanium supply chain with a lower cost and more environmentally friendly production process and think management is competent and capable. However, we do not believe the end markets to be attractive or that its highly promoted HAMRTM process is likely to “revolutionize” the industry or displace the 70-year established Kroll process. As such, we question IPX’s economic rationale for expanding capacity when it has few customer contracts and no historical revenue. Originally a penny stock named TAO Commodities, then Hyperion Metals, and now IperionX, the Company has a $1.2 billion market cap and is trading at 9.7x and 24x book value and 2026E revenues vs. the specialty metal industry median of 1.4x and 1.8x, respectively. Based on our analysis, we believe investors should exercise caution because the shares may be significantly overvalued, with potential downside risk of 70% - 95% under certain scenarios outlined in this report.
The report highlights several key concerns with the Company, including:
Update - December 1, 2025:
Spruce Point has uncovered concerning evidence of what may be, in our opinion, a breach of duty by IPX CEO Taso Arima related to undisclosed entities he appeared to control through IperionX called PowerChem Inc., PowerChem Land, LLC and its subsidiary GX Technologies, LLC (“GX”), while also serving as CEO of Hyperion Metals (now IPX). The situation of these entities involves a similar investment story to IPX: promote an exciting industrial technology, in this case related to graphene oxide. The contact email in two PowerChem public filings is accounting@iperionx.com and we cannot find these entities referenced in U.S. securities filings.
Last week we sent a letter to IPX audit committee chair Tony Tripeny detailing our findings and suggesting the Company form a committee with the assistance of an independent forensic investigator to confirm the accuracy of both IPX’s financial reporting and the affairs of Mr. Arima concerning his participation in PowerChem and GX. We are now releasing that letter publicly, it can be viewed at the link on the left side of the page.
This letter presents our analysis of publicly available information. We recognize that there may be reasonable explanations for the matters described therein, and we encourage the audit committee to conduct its own independent investigation to determine the facts and whether any disclosure obligations or conflicts existed. Our purpose is to bring these matters to the committee's attention for proper review, not to convey definitive conclusions.
Nothing posted currently
American activist claims IperionX more dud than critical minerals gem
Nothing posted currently
By downloading from, or viewing material on, this website you agree to the following Terms of Service. Use of Spruce Point Capital Management LLC’s research is at your own risk. In no event should Spruce Point Capital Management LLC or any affiliated party be liable for any direct or indirect trading losses caused by any information on this site. You further agree to do your own research and due diligence, consult your own financial, legal, and tax advisors before making any investment decision with respect to transacting in any securities covered herein.
The research presentations found on this website express our research opinions. Spruce Point Capital Management LLC (“SPCM” or "we") is a practitioner of an investment approach known as research activism. Investments are selected based on SPCM’s belief that the market’s consensus view of a security is materially misguided. Once such an investment has been identified, detailed diligence is conducted and documented in a research presentation, report, or letter to be later shared with the public. Once the research report is released, market participants are anticipated to review the merits of the arguments. The report is intended to contribute to market discourse and inform investor sentiment, which informs trading decisions and reflects in market pricing. You should assume that as of the publication date of any short-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material short position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein declines. Likewise, you should assume that as of the publication date of any long-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material long position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein rises. Following publication of any long or short report or letter, we intend to continue transacting in the securities covered herein, and we may be long, short, or neutral at any time hereafter regardless of our initial recommendation, conclusions, or opinions.
In order to manage risk, we may close open positions as we deem prudent. We do not provide “price targets”, although we may express our opinion of what the security is worth. An opinion of the value of a security differs from a price target in that we do not purport to have any insight as to how the market as a whole might value a security – we can only speak for how we, ourselves, view its value. We therefore do not hold a position until it reaches a certain price target, nor do we hold positions until they reach the price at which we have expressed a valuation opinion. There are numerous factors that enter into investment decisions aside from opinions of the value of the security, including without limitation, the borrow cost of a shorted security, the potential for a “short squeeze”, prudent risk sizing relative to capital and volatility, reduced information asymmetry, the opportunity cost of capital, client expectations, and the ability to hedge market risk, among other things. Therefore, you should assume that upon publication of any report, we will, or have begun to, close a substantial portion – possibly the entirety – of our positions in the covered issuer’s securities.
This is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security, nor shall any security be offered or sold to any person, in any jurisdiction in which such offer would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. Such an offer or solicitation can only be made by the confidential private placement memoranda relating to the investment vehicles managed by SPCM which we will provide only to qualified offerees. SPCM is registered with the SEC as an investment advisor. However, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this presentation serves as the receipt of personalized investment advice from SPCM. SPCM is not registered as a broker/dealer or accounting firm.
To the best of our ability and belief, all information contained herein is accurate and reliable, and has been obtained from public sources we believe to be accurate and reliable, and who are not insiders or connected persons of the stock covered herein or who may otherwise owe any fiduciary duty or duty of confidentiality to the issuer. However, such information is presented “as is,” without warranty of any kind – whether express or implied. SPCM makes no representation, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of any such information or with regard to the results to be obtained from its use. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice, and SPCM does not undertake to update or supplement this report or any of the information contained herein.
If you are in the United Kingdom, you confirm that you are subscribing and/or accessing SPCM research and materials on behalf of:
(A) a high net worth entity (e.g., a company with net assets of GBP 5 million or a high value trust) falling within Article 49 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the “FPO”); or
(B) an investment professional (e.g., a financial institution, government or local authority, or international organization) falling within Article 19 of the FPO.
You agree that the information on this website is copyrighted, and you therefore agree not to distribute this information (whether the downloaded file, copies / images / reproductions, or the link to these files) in any manner other than by providing the following link — https://www.sprucepointcap.com
If you have obtained SPCM research in any manner other than by download from the aforementioned link(s), you may not read such research without going to the aforementioned link(s) and agreeing to the Terms of Service. You further agree that any dispute arising from your use of this report and / or the SPCM website or viewing the material hereon shall be governed by the laws of New York, without regard to any conflict of law provisions. You knowingly and independently agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction of the superior courts located within the State of New York and waive your right to any other jurisdiction or applicable law, given that SPCM has an office in New York. The failure of SPCM to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms of Service shall not constitute a waiver of this right or provision. If any provision of these Terms of Service is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision and rule that the other provisions of these Terms of Service remain in full force and effect, in particular as to this governing law and jurisdiction provision. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to use of this website or the material herein must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred.
SPCM and the terms, logos and marks included on this Site that identify Spruce Point services and products are proprietary materials. Copyright in the pages and in the screens of this website, and in the information and material therein, is proprietary material owned by SPCM unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise noted, all information provided on this site is provided by SPCM and is subject to copyright and trademark laws. Logos and marks contained in links to third party sites belong to their respective owners. All users may not reproduce, modify, copy, alter in any way, distribute, sell, resell, transmit, transfer, license, assign or publish such information.
By downloading from, or viewing material on, this website you agree to the following Terms of Service. Use of Spruce Point Capital Management LLC’s research is at your own risk. In no event should Spruce Point Capital Management LLC or any affiliated party be liable for any direct or indirect trading losses caused by any information on this site. You further agree to do your own research and due diligence, consult your own financial, legal, and tax advisors before making any investment decision with respect to transacting in any securities covered herein.
The research presentations found on this website express our research opinions. Spruce Point Capital Management LLC (“SPCM” or "we") is a practitioner of an investment approach known as research activism. Investments are selected based on SPCM’s belief that the market’s consensus view of a security is materially misguided. Once such an investment has been identified, detailed diligence is conducted and documented in a research presentation, report, or letter to be later shared with the public. Once the research report is released, market participants are anticipated to review the merits of the arguments. The report is intended to contribute to market discourse and inform investor sentiment, which informs trading decisions and reflects in market pricing. You should assume that as of the publication date of any short-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material short position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein declines. Likewise, you should assume that as of the publication date of any long-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material long position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein rises. Following publication of any long or short report or letter, we intend to continue transacting in the securities covered herein, and we may be long, short, or neutral at any time hereafter regardless of our initial recommendation, conclusions, or opinions.
In order to manage risk, we may close open positions as we deem prudent. We do not provide “price targets”, although we may express our opinion of what the security is worth. An opinion of the value of a security differs from a price target in that we do not purport to have any insight as to how the market as a whole might value a security – we can only speak for how we, ourselves, view its value. We therefore do not hold a position until it reaches a certain price target, nor do we hold positions until they reach the price at which we have expressed a valuation opinion. There are numerous factors that enter into investment decisions aside from opinions of the value of the security, including without limitation, the borrow cost of a shorted security, the potential for a “short squeeze”, prudent risk sizing relative to capital and volatility, reduced information asymmetry, the opportunity cost of capital, client expectations, and the ability to hedge market risk, among other things. Therefore, you should assume that upon publication of any report, we will, or have begun to, close a substantial portion – possibly the entirety – of our positions in the covered issuer’s securities.
This is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security, nor shall any security be offered or sold to any person, in any jurisdiction in which such offer would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. Such an offer or solicitation can only be made by the confidential private placement memoranda relating to the investment vehicles managed by SPCM which we will provide only to qualified offerees. SPCM is registered with the SEC as an investment advisor. However, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this presentation serves as the receipt of personalized investment advice from SPCM. SPCM is not registered as a broker/dealer or accounting firm.
To the best of our ability and belief, all information contained herein is accurate and reliable, and has been obtained from public sources we believe to be accurate and reliable, and who are not insiders or connected persons of the stock covered herein or who may otherwise owe any fiduciary duty or duty of confidentiality to the issuer. However, such information is presented “as is,” without warranty of any kind – whether express or implied. SPCM makes no representation, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of any such information or with regard to the results to be obtained from its use. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice, and SPCM does not undertake to update or supplement this report or any of the information contained herein.
If you are in the United Kingdom, you confirm that you are subscribing and/or accessing SPCM research and materials on behalf of:
(A) a high net worth entity (e.g., a company with net assets of GBP 5 million or a high value trust) falling within Article 49 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the “FPO”); or
(B) an investment professional (e.g., a financial institution, government or local authority, or international organization) falling within Article 19 of the FPO.
You agree that the information on this website is copyrighted, and you therefore agree not to distribute this information (whether the downloaded file, copies / images / reproductions, or the link to these files) in any manner other than by providing the following link — https://www.sprucepointcap.com
If you have obtained SPCM research in any manner other than by download from the aforementioned link(s), you may not read such research without going to the aforementioned link(s) and agreeing to the Terms of Service. You further agree that any dispute arising from your use of this report and / or the SPCM website or viewing the material hereon shall be governed by the laws of New York, without regard to any conflict of law provisions. You knowingly and independently agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction of the superior courts located within the State of New York and waive your right to any other jurisdiction or applicable law, given that SPCM has an office in New York. The failure of SPCM to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms of Service shall not constitute a waiver of this right or provision. If any provision of these Terms of Service is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision and rule that the other provisions of these Terms of Service remain in full force and effect, in particular as to this governing law and jurisdiction provision. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to use of this website or the material herein must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred.
SPCM and the terms, logos and marks included on this Site that identify Spruce Point services and products are proprietary materials. Copyright in the pages and in the screens of this website, and in the information and material therein, is proprietary material owned by SPCM unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise noted, all information provided on this site is provided by SPCM and is subject to copyright and trademark laws. Logos and marks contained in links to third party sites belong to their respective owners. All users may not reproduce, modify, copy, alter in any way, distribute, sell, resell, transmit, transfer, license, assign or publish such information.
By downloading from, or viewing material on, this website you agree to the following Terms of Service. Use of Spruce Point Capital Management LLC’s research is at your own risk. In no event should Spruce Point Capital Management LLC or any affiliated party be liable for any direct or indirect trading losses caused by any information on this site. You further agree to do your own research and due diligence, consult your own financial, legal, and tax advisors before making any investment decision with respect to transacting in any securities covered herein.
The research presentations found on this website express our research opinions. Spruce Point Capital Management LLC (“SPCM” or "we") is a practitioner of an investment approach known as research activism. Investments are selected based on SPCM’s belief that the market’s consensus view of a security is materially misguided. Once such an investment has been identified, detailed diligence is conducted and documented in a research presentation, report, or letter to be later shared with the public. Once the research report is released, market participants are anticipated to review the merits of the arguments. The report is intended to contribute to market discourse and inform investor sentiment, which informs trading decisions and reflects in market pricing. You should assume that as of the publication date of any short-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material short position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein declines. Likewise, you should assume that as of the publication date of any long-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material long position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein rises. Following publication of any long or short report or letter, we intend to continue transacting in the securities covered herein, and we may be long, short, or neutral at any time hereafter regardless of our initial recommendation, conclusions, or opinions.
In order to manage risk, we may close open positions as we deem prudent. We do not provide “price targets”, although we may express our opinion of what the security is worth. An opinion of the value of a security differs from a price target in that we do not purport to have any insight as to how the market as a whole might value a security – we can only speak for how we, ourselves, view its value. We therefore do not hold a position until it reaches a certain price target, nor do we hold positions until they reach the price at which we have expressed a valuation opinion. There are numerous factors that enter into investment decisions aside from opinions of the value of the security, including without limitation, the borrow cost of a shorted security, the potential for a “short squeeze”, prudent risk sizing relative to capital and volatility, reduced information asymmetry, the opportunity cost of capital, client expectations, and the ability to hedge market risk, among other things. Therefore, you should assume that upon publication of any report, we will, or have begun to, close a substantial portion – possibly the entirety – of our positions in the covered issuer’s securities.
This is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security, nor shall any security be offered or sold to any person, in any jurisdiction in which such offer would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. Such an offer or solicitation can only be made by the confidential private placement memoranda relating to the investment vehicles managed by SPCM which we will provide only to qualified offerees. SPCM is registered with the SEC as an investment advisor. However, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this presentation serves as the receipt of personalized investment advice from SPCM. SPCM is not registered as a broker/dealer or accounting firm.
To the best of our ability and belief, all information contained herein is accurate and reliable, and has been obtained from public sources we believe to be accurate and reliable, and who are not insiders or connected persons of the stock covered herein or who may otherwise owe any fiduciary duty or duty of confidentiality to the issuer. However, such information is presented “as is,” without warranty of any kind – whether express or implied. SPCM makes no representation, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of any such information or with regard to the results to be obtained from its use. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice, and SPCM does not undertake to update or supplement this report or any of the information contained herein.
If you are in the United Kingdom, you confirm that you are subscribing and/or accessing SPCM research and materials on behalf of:
(A) a high net worth entity (e.g., a company with net assets of GBP 5 million or a high value trust) falling within Article 49 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the “FPO”); or
(B) an investment professional (e.g., a financial institution, government or local authority, or international organization) falling within Article 19 of the FPO.
You agree that the information on this website is copyrighted, and you therefore agree not to distribute this information (whether the downloaded file, copies / images / reproductions, or the link to these files) in any manner other than by providing the following link — https://www.sprucepointcap.com
If you have obtained SPCM research in any manner other than by download from the aforementioned link(s), you may not read such research without going to the aforementioned link(s) and agreeing to the Terms of Service. You further agree that any dispute arising from your use of this report and / or the SPCM website or viewing the material hereon shall be governed by the laws of New York, without regard to any conflict of law provisions. You knowingly and independently agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction of the superior courts located within the State of New York and waive your right to any other jurisdiction or applicable law, given that SPCM has an office in New York. The failure of SPCM to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms of Service shall not constitute a waiver of this right or provision. If any provision of these Terms of Service is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision and rule that the other provisions of these Terms of Service remain in full force and effect, in particular as to this governing law and jurisdiction provision. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to use of this website or the material herein must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred.
SPCM and the terms, logos and marks included on this Site that identify Spruce Point services and products are proprietary materials. Copyright in the pages and in the screens of this website, and in the information and material therein, is proprietary material owned by SPCM unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise noted, all information provided on this site is provided by SPCM and is subject to copyright and trademark laws. Logos and marks contained in links to third party sites belong to their respective owners. All users may not reproduce, modify, copy, alter in any way, distribute, sell, resell, transmit, transfer, license, assign or publish such information.
By downloading from, or viewing material on, this website you agree to the following Terms of Service. Use of Spruce Point Capital Management LLC’s research is at your own risk. In no event should Spruce Point Capital Management LLC or any affiliated party be liable for any direct or indirect trading losses caused by any information on this site. You further agree to do your own research and due diligence, consult your own financial, legal, and tax advisors before making any investment decision with respect to transacting in any securities covered herein.
The research presentations found on this website express our research opinions. Spruce Point Capital Management LLC (“SPCM” or "we") is a practitioner of an investment approach known as research activism. Investments are selected based on SPCM’s belief that the market’s consensus view of a security is materially misguided. Once such an investment has been identified, detailed diligence is conducted and documented in a research presentation, report, or letter to be later shared with the public. Once the research report is released, market participants are anticipated to review the merits of the arguments. The report is intended to contribute to market discourse and inform investor sentiment, which informs trading decisions and reflects in market pricing. You should assume that as of the publication date of any short-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material short position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein declines. Likewise, you should assume that as of the publication date of any long-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material long position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein rises. Following publication of any long or short report or letter, we intend to continue transacting in the securities covered herein, and we may be long, short, or neutral at any time hereafter regardless of our initial recommendation, conclusions, or opinions.
In order to manage risk, we may close open positions as we deem prudent. We do not provide “price targets”, although we may express our opinion of what the security is worth. An opinion of the value of a security differs from a price target in that we do not purport to have any insight as to how the market as a whole might value a security – we can only speak for how we, ourselves, view its value. We therefore do not hold a position until it reaches a certain price target, nor do we hold positions until they reach the price at which we have expressed a valuation opinion. There are numerous factors that enter into investment decisions aside from opinions of the value of the security, including without limitation, the borrow cost of a shorted security, the potential for a “short squeeze”, prudent risk sizing relative to capital and volatility, reduced information asymmetry, the opportunity cost of capital, client expectations, and the ability to hedge market risk, among other things. Therefore, you should assume that upon publication of any report, we will, or have begun to, close a substantial portion – possibly the entirety – of our positions in the covered issuer’s securities.
This is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security, nor shall any security be offered or sold to any person, in any jurisdiction in which such offer would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. Such an offer or solicitation can only be made by the confidential private placement memoranda relating to the investment vehicles managed by SPCM which we will provide only to qualified offerees. SPCM is registered with the SEC as an investment advisor. However, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this presentation serves as the receipt of personalized investment advice from SPCM. SPCM is not registered as a broker/dealer or accounting firm.
To the best of our ability and belief, all information contained herein is accurate and reliable, and has been obtained from public sources we believe to be accurate and reliable, and who are not insiders or connected persons of the stock covered herein or who may otherwise owe any fiduciary duty or duty of confidentiality to the issuer. However, such information is presented “as is,” without warranty of any kind – whether express or implied. SPCM makes no representation, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of any such information or with regard to the results to be obtained from its use. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice, and SPCM does not undertake to update or supplement this report or any of the information contained herein.
If you are in the United Kingdom, you confirm that you are subscribing and/or accessing SPCM research and materials on behalf of:
(A) a high net worth entity (e.g., a company with net assets of GBP 5 million or a high value trust) falling within Article 49 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the “FPO”); or
(B) an investment professional (e.g., a financial institution, government or local authority, or international organization) falling within Article 19 of the FPO.
You agree that the information on this website is copyrighted, and you therefore agree not to distribute this information (whether the downloaded file, copies / images / reproductions, or the link to these files) in any manner other than by providing the following link — https://www.sprucepointcap.com
If you have obtained SPCM research in any manner other than by download from the aforementioned link(s), you may not read such research without going to the aforementioned link(s) and agreeing to the Terms of Service. You further agree that any dispute arising from your use of this report and / or the SPCM website or viewing the material hereon shall be governed by the laws of New York, without regard to any conflict of law provisions. You knowingly and independently agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction of the superior courts located within the State of New York and waive your right to any other jurisdiction or applicable law, given that SPCM has an office in New York. The failure of SPCM to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms of Service shall not constitute a waiver of this right or provision. If any provision of these Terms of Service is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision and rule that the other provisions of these Terms of Service remain in full force and effect, in particular as to this governing law and jurisdiction provision. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to use of this website or the material herein must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred.
SPCM and the terms, logos and marks included on this Site that identify Spruce Point services and products are proprietary materials. Copyright in the pages and in the screens of this website, and in the information and material therein, is proprietary material owned by SPCM unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise noted, all information provided on this site is provided by SPCM and is subject to copyright and trademark laws. Logos and marks contained in links to third party sites belong to their respective owners. All users may not reproduce, modify, copy, alter in any way, distribute, sell, resell, transmit, transfer, license, assign or publish such information.
By downloading from, or viewing material on, this website you agree to the following Terms of Service. Use of Spruce Point Capital Management LLC’s research is at your own risk. In no event should Spruce Point Capital Management LLC or any affiliated party be liable for any direct or indirect trading losses caused by any information on this site. You further agree to do your own research and due diligence, consult your own financial, legal, and tax advisors before making any investment decision with respect to transacting in any securities covered herein.
The research presentations found on this website express our research opinions. Spruce Point Capital Management LLC (“SPCM” or "we") is a practitioner of an investment approach known as research activism. Investments are selected based on SPCM’s belief that the market’s consensus view of a security is materially misguided. Once such an investment has been identified, detailed diligence is conducted and documented in a research presentation, report, or letter to be later shared with the public. Once the research report is released, market participants are anticipated to review the merits of the arguments. The report is intended to contribute to market discourse and inform investor sentiment, which informs trading decisions and reflects in market pricing. You should assume that as of the publication date of any short-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material short position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein declines. Likewise, you should assume that as of the publication date of any long-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material long position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein rises. Following publication of any long or short report or letter, we intend to continue transacting in the securities covered herein, and we may be long, short, or neutral at any time hereafter regardless of our initial recommendation, conclusions, or opinions.
In order to manage risk, we may close open positions as we deem prudent. We do not provide “price targets”, although we may express our opinion of what the security is worth. An opinion of the value of a security differs from a price target in that we do not purport to have any insight as to how the market as a whole might value a security – we can only speak for how we, ourselves, view its value. We therefore do not hold a position until it reaches a certain price target, nor do we hold positions until they reach the price at which we have expressed a valuation opinion. There are numerous factors that enter into investment decisions aside from opinions of the value of the security, including without limitation, the borrow cost of a shorted security, the potential for a “short squeeze”, prudent risk sizing relative to capital and volatility, reduced information asymmetry, the opportunity cost of capital, client expectations, and the ability to hedge market risk, among other things. Therefore, you should assume that upon publication of any report, we will, or have begun to, close a substantial portion – possibly the entirety – of our positions in the covered issuer’s securities.
This is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security, nor shall any security be offered or sold to any person, in any jurisdiction in which such offer would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. Such an offer or solicitation can only be made by the confidential private placement memoranda relating to the investment vehicles managed by SPCM which we will provide only to qualified offerees. SPCM is registered with the SEC as an investment advisor. However, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this presentation serves as the receipt of personalized investment advice from SPCM. SPCM is not registered as a broker/dealer or accounting firm.
To the best of our ability and belief, all information contained herein is accurate and reliable, and has been obtained from public sources we believe to be accurate and reliable, and who are not insiders or connected persons of the stock covered herein or who may otherwise owe any fiduciary duty or duty of confidentiality to the issuer. However, such information is presented “as is,” without warranty of any kind – whether express or implied. SPCM makes no representation, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of any such information or with regard to the results to be obtained from its use. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice, and SPCM does not undertake to update or supplement this report or any of the information contained herein.
If you are in the United Kingdom, you confirm that you are subscribing and/or accessing SPCM research and materials on behalf of:
(A) a high net worth entity (e.g., a company with net assets of GBP 5 million or a high value trust) falling within Article 49 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the “FPO”); or
(B) an investment professional (e.g., a financial institution, government or local authority, or international organization) falling within Article 19 of the FPO.
You agree that the information on this website is copyrighted, and you therefore agree not to distribute this information (whether the downloaded file, copies / images / reproductions, or the link to these files) in any manner other than by providing the following link — https://www.sprucepointcap.com
If you have obtained SPCM research in any manner other than by download from the aforementioned link(s), you may not read such research without going to the aforementioned link(s) and agreeing to the Terms of Service. You further agree that any dispute arising from your use of this report and / or the SPCM website or viewing the material hereon shall be governed by the laws of New York, without regard to any conflict of law provisions. You knowingly and independently agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction of the superior courts located within the State of New York and waive your right to any other jurisdiction or applicable law, given that SPCM has an office in New York. The failure of SPCM to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms of Service shall not constitute a waiver of this right or provision. If any provision of these Terms of Service is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision and rule that the other provisions of these Terms of Service remain in full force and effect, in particular as to this governing law and jurisdiction provision. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to use of this website or the material herein must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred.
SPCM and the terms, logos and marks included on this Site that identify Spruce Point services and products are proprietary materials. Copyright in the pages and in the screens of this website, and in the information and material therein, is proprietary material owned by SPCM unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise noted, all information provided on this site is provided by SPCM and is subject to copyright and trademark laws. Logos and marks contained in links to third party sites belong to their respective owners. All users may not reproduce, modify, copy, alter in any way, distribute, sell, resell, transmit, transfer, license, assign or publish such information.
By downloading from, or viewing material on, this website you agree to the following Terms of Service. Use of Spruce Point Capital Management LLC’s research is at your own risk. In no event should Spruce Point Capital Management LLC or any affiliated party be liable for any direct or indirect trading losses caused by any information on this site. You further agree to do your own research and due diligence, consult your own financial, legal, and tax advisors before making any investment decision with respect to transacting in any securities covered herein.
The research presentations found on this website express our research opinions. Spruce Point Capital Management LLC (“SPCM” or "we") is a practitioner of an investment approach known as research activism. Investments are selected based on SPCM’s belief that the market’s consensus view of a security is materially misguided. Once such an investment has been identified, detailed diligence is conducted and documented in a research presentation, report, or letter to be later shared with the public. Once the research report is released, market participants are anticipated to review the merits of the arguments. The report is intended to contribute to market discourse and inform investor sentiment, which informs trading decisions and reflects in market pricing. You should assume that as of the publication date of any short-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material short position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein declines. Likewise, you should assume that as of the publication date of any long-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material long position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein rises. Following publication of any long or short report or letter, we intend to continue transacting in the securities covered herein, and we may be long, short, or neutral at any time hereafter regardless of our initial recommendation, conclusions, or opinions.
In order to manage risk, we may close open positions as we deem prudent. We do not provide “price targets”, although we may express our opinion of what the security is worth. An opinion of the value of a security differs from a price target in that we do not purport to have any insight as to how the market as a whole might value a security – we can only speak for how we, ourselves, view its value. We therefore do not hold a position until it reaches a certain price target, nor do we hold positions until they reach the price at which we have expressed a valuation opinion. There are numerous factors that enter into investment decisions aside from opinions of the value of the security, including without limitation, the borrow cost of a shorted security, the potential for a “short squeeze”, prudent risk sizing relative to capital and volatility, reduced information asymmetry, the opportunity cost of capital, client expectations, and the ability to hedge market risk, among other things. Therefore, you should assume that upon publication of any report, we will, or have begun to, close a substantial portion – possibly the entirety – of our positions in the covered issuer’s securities.
This is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security, nor shall any security be offered or sold to any person, in any jurisdiction in which such offer would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. Such an offer or solicitation can only be made by the confidential private placement memoranda relating to the investment vehicles managed by SPCM which we will provide only to qualified offerees. SPCM is registered with the SEC as an investment advisor. However, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this presentation serves as the receipt of personalized investment advice from SPCM. SPCM is not registered as a broker/dealer or accounting firm.
To the best of our ability and belief, all information contained herein is accurate and reliable, and has been obtained from public sources we believe to be accurate and reliable, and who are not insiders or connected persons of the stock covered herein or who may otherwise owe any fiduciary duty or duty of confidentiality to the issuer. However, such information is presented “as is,” without warranty of any kind – whether express or implied. SPCM makes no representation, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of any such information or with regard to the results to be obtained from its use. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice, and SPCM does not undertake to update or supplement this report or any of the information contained herein.
If you are in the United Kingdom, you confirm that you are subscribing and/or accessing SPCM research and materials on behalf of:
(A) a high net worth entity (e.g., a company with net assets of GBP 5 million or a high value trust) falling within Article 49 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the “FPO”); or
(B) an investment professional (e.g., a financial institution, government or local authority, or international organization) falling within Article 19 of the FPO.
You agree that the information on this website is copyrighted, and you therefore agree not to distribute this information (whether the downloaded file, copies / images / reproductions, or the link to these files) in any manner other than by providing the following link — https://www.sprucepointcap.com
If you have obtained SPCM research in any manner other than by download from the aforementioned link(s), you may not read such research without going to the aforementioned link(s) and agreeing to the Terms of Service. You further agree that any dispute arising from your use of this report and / or the SPCM website or viewing the material hereon shall be governed by the laws of New York, without regard to any conflict of law provisions. You knowingly and independently agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction of the superior courts located within the State of New York and waive your right to any other jurisdiction or applicable law, given that SPCM has an office in New York. The failure of SPCM to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms of Service shall not constitute a waiver of this right or provision. If any provision of these Terms of Service is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision and rule that the other provisions of these Terms of Service remain in full force and effect, in particular as to this governing law and jurisdiction provision. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to use of this website or the material herein must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred.
SPCM and the terms, logos and marks included on this Site that identify Spruce Point services and products are proprietary materials. Copyright in the pages and in the screens of this website, and in the information and material therein, is proprietary material owned by SPCM unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise noted, all information provided on this site is provided by SPCM and is subject to copyright and trademark laws. Logos and marks contained in links to third party sites belong to their respective owners. All users may not reproduce, modify, copy, alter in any way, distribute, sell, resell, transmit, transfer, license, assign or publish such information.
By downloading from, or viewing material on, this website you agree to the following Terms of Service. Use of Spruce Point Capital Management LLC’s research is at your own risk. In no event should Spruce Point Capital Management LLC or any affiliated party be liable for any direct or indirect trading losses caused by any information on this site. You further agree to do your own research and due diligence, consult your own financial, legal, and tax advisors before making any investment decision with respect to transacting in any securities covered herein.
The research presentations found on this website express our research opinions. Spruce Point Capital Management LLC (“SPCM” or "we") is a practitioner of an investment approach known as research activism. Investments are selected based on SPCM’s belief that the market’s consensus view of a security is materially misguided. Once such an investment has been identified, detailed diligence is conducted and documented in a research presentation, report, or letter to be later shared with the public. Once the research report is released, market participants are anticipated to review the merits of the arguments. The report is intended to contribute to market discourse and inform investor sentiment, which informs trading decisions and reflects in market pricing. You should assume that as of the publication date of any short-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material short position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein declines. Likewise, you should assume that as of the publication date of any long-biased report or letter, SPCM (possibly along with or through our members, partners, affiliates, employees, and/or consultants) along with our clients and/or investors has a material long position in all stocks (and/or options of the stock) covered herein, and therefore stands to realize significant gains in the event that the price of any stock covered herein rises. Following publication of any long or short report or letter, we intend to continue transacting in the securities covered herein, and we may be long, short, or neutral at any time hereafter regardless of our initial recommendation, conclusions, or opinions.
In order to manage risk, we may close open positions as we deem prudent. We do not provide “price targets”, although we may express our opinion of what the security is worth. An opinion of the value of a security differs from a price target in that we do not purport to have any insight as to how the market as a whole might value a security – we can only speak for how we, ourselves, view its value. We therefore do not hold a position until it reaches a certain price target, nor do we hold positions until they reach the price at which we have expressed a valuation opinion. There are numerous factors that enter into investment decisions aside from opinions of the value of the security, including without limitation, the borrow cost of a shorted security, the potential for a “short squeeze”, prudent risk sizing relative to capital and volatility, reduced information asymmetry, the opportunity cost of capital, client expectations, and the ability to hedge market risk, among other things. Therefore, you should assume that upon publication of any report, we will, or have begun to, close a substantial portion – possibly the entirety – of our positions in the covered issuer’s securities.
This is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security, nor shall any security be offered or sold to any person, in any jurisdiction in which such offer would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. Such an offer or solicitation can only be made by the confidential private placement memoranda relating to the investment vehicles managed by SPCM which we will provide only to qualified offerees. SPCM is registered with the SEC as an investment advisor. However, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this presentation serves as the receipt of personalized investment advice from SPCM. SPCM is not registered as a broker/dealer or accounting firm.
To the best of our ability and belief, all information contained herein is accurate and reliable, and has been obtained from public sources we believe to be accurate and reliable, and who are not insiders or connected persons of the stock covered herein or who may otherwise owe any fiduciary duty or duty of confidentiality to the issuer. However, such information is presented “as is,” without warranty of any kind – whether express or implied. SPCM makes no representation, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of any such information or with regard to the results to be obtained from its use. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice, and SPCM does not undertake to update or supplement this report or any of the information contained herein.
If you are in the United Kingdom, you confirm that you are subscribing and/or accessing SPCM research and materials on behalf of:
(A) a high net worth entity (e.g., a company with net assets of GBP 5 million or a high value trust) falling within Article 49 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the “FPO”); or
(B) an investment professional (e.g., a financial institution, government or local authority, or international organization) falling within Article 19 of the FPO.
You agree that the information on this website is copyrighted, and you therefore agree not to distribute this information (whether the downloaded file, copies / images / reproductions, or the link to these files) in any manner other than by providing the following link — https://www.sprucepointcap.com
If you have obtained SPCM research in any manner other than by download from the aforementioned link(s), you may not read such research without going to the aforementioned link(s) and agreeing to the Terms of Service. You further agree that any dispute arising from your use of this report and / or the SPCM website or viewing the material hereon shall be governed by the laws of New York, without regard to any conflict of law provisions. You knowingly and independently agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction of the superior courts located within the State of New York and waive your right to any other jurisdiction or applicable law, given that SPCM has an office in New York. The failure of SPCM to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms of Service shall not constitute a waiver of this right or provision. If any provision of these Terms of Service is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision and rule that the other provisions of these Terms of Service remain in full force and effect, in particular as to this governing law and jurisdiction provision. You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to use of this website or the material herein must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred.
SPCM and the terms, logos and marks included on this Site that identify Spruce Point services and products are proprietary materials. Copyright in the pages and in the screens of this website, and in the information and material therein, is proprietary material owned by SPCM unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise noted, all information provided on this site is provided by SPCM and is subject to copyright and trademark laws. Logos and marks contained in links to third party sites belong to their respective owners. All users may not reproduce, modify, copy, alter in any way, distribute, sell, resell, transmit, transfer, license, assign or publish such information.
See the other side of the Wall Street hype machine.
